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2002.07.16 11:32
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2002.07.15 14:23
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The decline of principled conservative hostility to China.
Sullied Heritage

By John B. Judis
Issue Date: 04.23.01
Post Date: 04.12.01


[Ed. note: This article has been corrected.]

China forces down a U.S. plane, loots its precious cargo, detains its crew, and demands an American apology--it was the moment the conservative movement should have been waiting for. For a decade now the American right has fumbled about in search of moral clarity in the post-Soviet world. And there it was-a totalitarian, expansionist China humiliating America and trying to prevent it from protecting the vulnerable democracy of Taiwan. Beijing's response to the EP-3's emergency landing on Hainan Island should have been a conservative parable and a reminder that the conservative crusade against communism-perhaps the movement's finest achievement-is still relevant after all.

But the American right did not make the EP-3 the symbol of a new crusade. Though some conservative institutions waved their fists, others called for restraint or said little at all. And that's because powerful forces within the conservative movement no longer see China as a moral enemy; they see it as an economic opportunity. China, unlike the Soviet Union, has opened itself to American corporate investment, and the lure of the Chinese market has eroded the right's appetite for moral combat.

In the story of Secretary of Labor Elaine Chao; her husband, Republican Senator Mitch McConnell; and the Heritage Foundation, the most powerful think tank in Washington, you can see the outlines of how it occurred. Their shift toward accommodation with Beijing has happened quietly, with care to make sure connections between money and ideology are virtually impossible to trace. In the most startling act of evasion, Elaine Chao appears to have failed to disclose her service on the board of a company with close ties to the Chinese government, something she was legally required to do upon taking office as labor secretary. Like the crash landing of the EP-3, the story of Chao, McConnell, and Heritage serves as a parable-not of the arrogance of totalitarian China but of the moral corruption of the movement that should be its most formidable foe.


I. Chao and Heritage

In 1973 two young right-wing congressional staffers, Ed Feulner and Paul Weyrich, founded the Heritage Foundation in an effort to revive a conservative movement that had flagged during Richard Nixon's presidency. While the foundation's initial focus was domestic, it supported the conservative movement's historic foreign policy agenda, which included adamant opposition to Communist China and support for Taiwan. Sharply critical of Ronald Reagan's "tilt" toward the People's Republic and away from Taiwan, a Heritage position paper in 1982 asked: "[S]hould a free nation under any but the most compelling circumstances establish a policy of seeking close relations with a regime whose policies are anathema to free men?... [E]ven in the cynical world of realpolitik, does not the abandonment of an old friend and ally ... constitute the crossing of a fundamental moral line which would be morally reprehensible for the greatest free nation in the world?"

That same year, Heritage hired Richard V. Allen, who had recently resigned as Reagan's national security adviser. Allen established Heritage's Asian Studies Center, whose advisory council he chaired and for which he and Feulner, Heritage's president, raised money through their contacts in South Korea, Taiwan, and Japan. According to official Heritage historian Lee Edwards, Allen and Feulner raised more than $13 million in Asia over the next decade and a half, placing the funds in a separate endowment for the center. Money and ideology coincided nicely: The Taiwanese and South Korean businessmen whom Allen and Feulner hit up for donations supported Heritage in large part because they shared its fervent anti-communism. They rightly saw Heritage as a bulwark against the Henry Kissingers and Alexander Haigs of the Republican Party who-well before Bill Clinton ever uttered the term-saw China as a "strategic partner."

But in the early '90s money and ideology began to diverge. To overcome its isolation after the Tiananmen Square massacre of June 1989, China opened its doors, first to Taiwanese and other Asian businesses and shortly thereafter to American ones as well. Soon many Heritage corporate donors had a stake in the Chinese market-and no longer wanted the foundation to antagonize the Chinese government. One of Heritage's main funders, for instance, had been the Starr Foundation, established by the American International Group, an insurance giant, and run by AIG's chairman, Maurice "Hank" Greenberg. Since the 1980s, the foundation-founded by C.V. Starr, whose ties to Chiang Kai-shek's Kuomintang (KMT) go back to the 1930s-had contributed $100,000 or more per year to Heritage. But in the 1990s Greenberg, aided by Kissinger, saw a chance for his firm to become the first major Western insurance company to enter the Chinese market. As business opportunities opened up, he grew increasingly uncomfortable with Heritage's hard-line stance toward Beijing. Heritage also found itself under pressure within Taiwan and Hong Kong, where once-hawkish officials and businessmen began to support most-favored-nation (MFN) status for China as a means of protecting their own investments there. Heritage tried to square the circle by coming out in favor of MFN while remaining highly critical of China's foreign and military policy. It began to embrace the vision of a capitalist "greater China"-a free-market People's Republic with benign hegemony over its neighbors-promoted by Hong Kong's and Taiwan's business leaders as well as by anxious American investors.


ut by the mid-'90s the strain of contradiction was beginning to show. Perhaps the key moment came in the spring of 1996. As a vote on renewing MFN neared, news sources revealed that China had sold nuclear technology to Pakistan. And, that March, Beijing's leaders, angered by Taiwanese President Lee Teng-hui's visit to the United States, massed troops along the Taiwan Strait and fired missiles within 30 miles of Taiwan's shoreline. In response, Pat Buchanan, running in the Republican primary, called for Republicans to oppose MFN. Even Heritage's unofficial presidential choice, Bob Dole, hinted he might oppose it, as did a growing number of congressional conservatives. Given its ideological legacy, Heritage might have been expected to join the chorus denouncing Beijing and to have advocated, at a minimum, attaching conditions to the renewal of MFN. But Heritage, under financial pressure that year from trying to compete with Republican presidential candidates for contributions, did exactly the opposite.

On March 26, three days after Taiwanese voters defied Chinese missiles and reelected Lee, Feulner blasted MFN's foes in a Washington Times editorial. "The only beneficiaries [of ending MFN] would be trade officials at the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) in Tokyo and at the European Union headquarters in Brussels," he wrote. Feulner invited former National Security Adviser Brent Scowcroft, who had formed a company to advise American businesses in China, to hold briefings for wavering conservatives at the foundation. And he recruited former Commerce Secretary Barbara Franklin as a visiting fellow. Franklin-who, like Scowcroft, advises American companies operating in China and serves on the advisory board of the pro-Beijing U.S.-China Policy Foundation-could not have been more in tune with Heritage's corporate contributors. In a pro-MFN speech at the foundation in June 1996, Franklin declared that "China today is not a police state like Stalin's Russia; nor is there the indiscriminate violence and intolerance of the Cultural Revolution.... Besides the greater economic freedoms in China today, there is greater mobility, the beginnings of better job opportunities, greater tolerance for and interest in education, and greater freedom of discussion." She blamed the Clinton administration for provoking the "flap" over Taiwan.

And Heritage hired another distinguished fellow that summer as well: Elaine Chao, a former official in the Transportation Department, Peace Corps director, and president of the United Way. According to Heritage Vice President Herb Berkowitz, Chao's initial charge was to contribute to the foundation's positions on philanthropy and civil society. But in soliciting funds for candidates and running the United Way, Chao had acquired a reputation as a terrific fund-raiser. She had important and unusual fund-raising connections, not only in the United States but in Asia as well, which Heritage would soon seek to exploit.

Those fund-raising connections began with Chao's family and her family's business. The business was shipping. Chao's parents were born in Shanghai, where her father, James Chao, attended Chiao Tung University with Jiang Zemin before going to work for C.Y. Tung's Maritime Trust, a Shanghai shipping company that moved to Taiwan after the Communists seized power in 1949. James Chao's mother was a member of the Hsu (pronounced "shoe") family that would later operate a shipping empire from Hong Kong. James Chao and his future wife departed the mainland in 1949, along with the Hsu family, and Elaine Chao was born in Taiwan in 1953.

In 1958 James Chao emigrated to the United States, and three years later his family followed. Already a shipping executive, in 1964 Chao founded his own company, the Foremost Maritime Corporation, which would become the North American agent for the Hsu shipping fleet and would also operate and charter bulk carriers of its own. Initially, Foremost did much of its shipping business to and from Taiwan. But in 1988, when Taiwan native Lee Teng-hui was elected chairman of the KMT, mainland transplants like Chao lost business to indigenous ethnic Taiwanese. They "lost out in Taiwan," one veteran Taiwanese reporter explains, "because there was this anti-Mandarin, anti-Chinese-mainland feeling." Chao, the reporter said, moved the center of his Asian operations to Hong Kong, where he would eventually start a subsidiary. At the same time, he renewed his ties to the mainland and to Jiang. He contracted to build two ships with China's state-owned shipyard in Shanghai, where Jiang was then party secretary. And he began visiting Jiang regularly-even meeting with him and the head of China Shipbuilding in August 1989, three months after the Tiananmen Square massacre, when most American businessmen were steering clear of China's leadership.

Not surprisingly, given her background and her family's business interests, Elaine Chao was seen within Heritage as a proponent of "greater China." While sensitive to Taiwan's and Hong Kong's fate, she accepted the prospect of "one China" under the hegemony of the People's Republic. In 1997 she joined the accommodationist National Committee on United States-China Relations, to which Franklin also belonged. Stephen Yates, who worked under Chao at the Asian Studies Center, said Chao "believed in having an engagement policy with China.... She always was making sure that we were taking seriously a policy of engagement, that we were not closing off options on influencing China."


n 1996, the same year Heritage named Chao a fellow, it established an office in Hong Kong. The office didn't organize conferences or put out papers; many journalists in Hong Kong didn't even know it existed. Says one veteran Hong Kong editor, "They are invisible here. I don't know what they are doing." One Heritage staffer who, like others, requested anonymity out of fear of being fired, described it as a "faíÂde" for fund-raising. Berkowitz says that Ken Sheffer, who staffed the office, didn't raise funds himself, but he acknowledges that Sheffer served as an "advance man" for Feulner during the latter's trips to the region, which involved fund-raising.

Chao's appointment and the opening of the Hong Kong office would make Heritage's Asian Studies Center a controversial and tumultuous place. In the summer of 1997 a former Hong Kong banker told me about Chao. He said she came from a wealthy shipping family close to the pro-Beijing Hong Kong business elite and that her family contributed money to McConnell. His source, he told me, was Richard Allen. I called Allen, and he wouldn't talk about Chao, but, near the end of that year, Allen left Heritage. A mutual acquaintance of Feulner and Allen says the two men had a "huge and secret fight." Berkowitz, after consulting with Feulner, denies that. "We just think he decided enough was enough," Berkowitz says of Allen's departure. But another person who knows Allen says, "I gather it wasn't pretty. He alluded to it once or twice with me. My impression is that Dick [Allen] is hard-line on China and became quite concerned what they were up to." Allen continues to refuse to be interviewed on the record, but a source familiar with his situation says the conflict between him and Feulner concerned not specific political positions but whether the foundation's Asian operations were crossing the line between business and policy.

Even before Allen's departure, Chao had transferred her attention from civil society to Asia. In July 1997 she led a delegation of Heritage's major donors and trustees to the Hong Kong reunification ceremony. Then, on April 1, 1998, Chao was officially appointed to replace Allen. Chao brought no particular expertise in foreign policy to the job, and over the next 20 months she would not publish any papers or memoranda on Asia. Quips one Heritage fellow, "She wasn't hands-on, except for fund-raising."

Chao's appointment coincided with the elevation of an Allen protñÈ¡¦ Richard Fisher, to be director of the Asian Studies Center. Fisher, who had first come to Heritage in 1983, was an expert on the Chinese military and over the years had repeatedly warned that China was trying to intimidate Taiwan militarily and replace the United States as the reigning power in Asia. Several months after Fisher was promoted, however, he was summarily dismissed. According to people who worked with Fisher on China policy, his dismissal came approximately two weeks after he first briefed Chao. Fisher was given a severance package on the condition that he not disclose the circumstances of his dismissal.

A dozen foundation critics familiar with Heritage and Fisher, as well as both a current and a former Heritage official, told me that while personality factors may have figured in Fisher's dismissal, he would not have been fired had he not been so aggressive in propounding his hawkish views on the Chinese military. A Heritage official and fellow did insist Fisher was fired solely because of a personality conflict and that Chao had nothing to do with it. But one of them subsequently contradicted that line in a conversation with another of my sources, telling the source (who has no vested interest in the matter) that Fisher was dismissed because of his outspoken views on China and that Chao had a hand in his firing.

nd, indeed, Heritage's policy offerings on China have grown decidedly softer over the past few years. Some of its staff still share the traditional conservative hard line toward the People's Republic, but they don't espouse it as aggressively as Fisher did. And, while the foundation still invites China hawks to appear at its forums and still publishes reports critical of the Chinese military, these relatively low-profile statements are undercut or overshadowed by its more publicized activities. The foundation has continued to stage major lectures by Beijing sympathizers like Franklin. At one such event last year, Franklin said, "It must be noted that the United States has a plethora of issues and concerns regarding China. We must deal with these issues wisely but we must not allow them to hold back progress on trade and commerce." In Hong Kong, Heritage has cast its lot with chief executive C.H. Tung-handpicked by a committee appointed by Beijing-rather than with democratic opposition leader Martin Lee. When Feulner has visited Hong Kong, a local journalist reports, he has sought out Tung but not Lee. When Tung visited Washington in 1997 and 1999, Heritage feted him. At the September 1997 invitation-only banquet, it excluded the Hong Kong press.

During the debate last spring over granting China permanent normal trading relations (the new name for MFN), Heritage's China tensions bubbled over again. In March, Yates published a paper suggesting that conservatives hold up passage of PNTR until Congress considered other measures-including "a more comprehensive approach to promoting freedom in China" and passage of Senator Jesse Helms's Taiwan Security Enhancement Act, which committed the United States to sending arms for Taiwan's self-defense. As first revealed in The Washington Post, Greenberg, the AIG chairman and big Heritage donor, protested vociferously to Feulner; shortly thereafter Yates joined with Larry Wortzel, who replaced Fisher, to produce a new memorandum titled "How Trade With China Benefits Americans." Berkowitz claims there is no difference between the two memoranda. Yates says Greenberg's protest was based on a "misunderstanding." But conspicuously missing from the second document were Yates's hard-line conditions, including support for Helms's bill. The first paper was an unfiltered expression of the older Heritage view of China and Taiwan; the second represented the new, softer line.

That fall, Heritage did a similar turnaround on a proposal by Senator Fred Thompson to penalize China if it sold strategic weapons abroad. Heritage had earlier encouraged Thompson, who had presented the proposal in a speech at the foundation on March 17. But in September, when Thompson's proposal came up as an amendment to the PNTR bill, the foundation, according to a staff member, let Senate conservatives know it no longer cared about the proposal. "There was some expectation that we would back him. But we backed off," said a Heritage staffer familiar with the issue.

About this time, a group of conservative China critics already concerned about Fisher's firing and Greenberg's intervention attended a meeting at which a visiting Chinese national spoke. The visitor, who will have to remain nameless, told of the personal relationship between Chao's father and Jiang Zemin and said that Elaine Chao was being paid $200,000 per year to raise money for the Heritage Foundation. One former Reagan administration official who is a regular at Heritage forums on Asia and was present at the meeting said, "I was shocked when I heard that. I was told we were very proud of our new advisory commission chair. All of us were led to believe she had no direct connection to China."

By this spring, after President Bush nominated Chao to be his secretary of labor, stories about Chao, her father, and Heritage had begun surfacing on WorldNetDaily.com and were being recirculated on other right-wing websites. Feulner blew up, blaming Fisher. Heritage sent him a letter reminding him of his legal obligations under the disclosure agreement. (To my knowledge, Fisher has kept his agreement. I called him for an interview at his home and his office, and he never returned my calls.) When a Washington foreign policy expert raised questions about Chao's nomination at a meeting of lobbyist Grover Norquist's Wednesday Group, an angry Feulner telephoned him immediately afterward.

Feulner and other Heritage officials continue to insist the foundation's basic position on China and Taiwan has not changed. But conservatives who follow China are skeptical. Said one target of Feulner's wrath, "When Ed came after me, he said, 'We've done umpteen papers on China and had so and so many briefings, we're still on the case, and nothing has changed.' It may or may not be true, but the bottom line is that there is little question they are not speaking to the threat that China represents in the way they used to and in the way that would discomfit the Chinese." And Republican staffers on the foreign policy committees on Capitol Hill-a key constituency for Heritage's position papers-worry that Heritage has gone soft on China. Says one of them, "Once it became apparent to me that their donors had pressure over what their analysts were saying, I decided it was not worth my while to read their stuff." In Asia, Heritage is also seen as waffling on its earlier opposition to Communist China and support for Taiwan. Says Mark Simon, director of corporate accounts for the Apple Daily, Hong Kong's second-largest Chinese-language newspaper, "When Heritage comes through, we get the feeling that the conversation about China is not the conversation that the American conservatives used to have. This group has changed. I support the Heritage Foundation. But there is a strong feeling that China money is getting inside this organization."


II. Chao and McConnell

After winning election to the Senate in 1984, Kentucky's Mitch McConnell quickly gravitated to the Republican Party's right wing, particularly on foreign policy. On the Foreign Relations Committee, where he gained a seat, he generally sided with archconservative Jesse Helms, who was then jousting for power with the more moderate Richard Lugar. In 1985 McConnell was one of eight Republicans to sign an incendiary letter from Helms demanding that the Reagan administration stop appointing moderates to key foreign policy positions.

Although he sat on the East Asia subcommittee, McConnell displayed no particular interest in China, never mentioning China on the Senate floor until June 1989. Former University of Louisville political scientist Landis Jones, who knew McConnell and headed the Louisville Committee on Foreign Relations during the 1980s, doesn't recall the senator saying anything about China. But when McConnell did finally take a position on China, it resembled, not surprisingly, that of Helms. He told students at the University of Louisville in June 1989 that "we'll never forget the sight of those young people without arms up against tanks and machine guns." That December, after the press revealed that George Bush had secretly sent Brent Scowcroft and Lawrence Eagleburger to China, McConnell was the only Republican senator to criticize the mission.

But, over the following decade, McConnell's views on China would veer sharply away from those of Helms and other Senate conservatives. And campaign contributions seem to have played a decisive role. As the head of one K Street business group puts it, "When [McConnell] does take some interest in foreign policy issues, that is not out of some ideological devotion; I would look for some other reason."

McConnell's relentless search for campaign contributions began right after his election in 1984, when, despite Reagan's easy victory in Kentucky, he won by a mere 5,269 votes. As a first-term senator, McConnell lacked the fund-raising clout that comes from chairing a committee that oversees major business legislation. His main sources of bundled funds were Kentucky's tobacco companies, whose interests he defended on the Agriculture Committee, and the pro-Israel lobby, which he championed on the Foreign Relations Committee. But in June 1989 Elaine Chao offered him a new, and unlikely, financial source.

Chao had first met McConnell in 1987, when she served on the Federal Maritime Commission. But she later told The Washington Post that they did not become a couple until after she became Peace Corps director in 1991 and needed a social walker. McConnell was one of several senators Chao began to raise money for even while she was serving in the Bush administration. In early June 1989, as Chinese students were being routed from Tiananmen Square, McConnell suddenly received $10,000 in contributions from Elaine Chao's family and others associated with Foremost Maritime. Then, about two months later, Chao accompanied McConnell to a fund-raising event in Los Angeles with the Asian American members of the Pacific Leadership Conference, an organization that included Maria Hsia and John Huang, both of whom would later be convicted of laundering campaign money for Democratic candidates. Chao claims not to remember the meeting, but Huang has said that one of the reasons he gave McConnell money was Chao. "She was a very distinguished Chinese-American leader then," Huang told a House hearing in 1999. These donors gave McConnell another $10,750. Together, he picked up $21,750-not a princely sum, but Kentucky is a small state, and the donations came at a critical time in McConnell's political fortunes. By comparison, in 1989 the tobacco PACs that were McConnell's most enthusiastic supporters gave him $32,500.

McConnell would later attribute the contributions from Elaine Chao and her family to love and family loyalty. But it seems strange that James Chao, who ran a relatively small company, would give this kind of money simply out of friendship to a man who was then merely an acquaintance of his daughter's. Moreover, the Asian Americans from the Pacific Leadership Conference had a very clear agenda at the time. In the wake of Tiananmen Square, they had become vitally concerned with the fate of Hong Kong and its professional and business classes. Their top priorities were to amend U.S. immigration law to allow more Hong Kong residents to emigrate and to insert a special provision that would permit wealthy entrepreneurs to buy visas by investing over $1 million in the United States. They also wanted the United States to take steps to ensure that Deng Xiaoping and the Chinese kept their promise to allow "one country, two systems" when China assumed control of Hong Kong in 1997. Elaine Chao and her family would presumably have echoed these concerns-not only were they linked to the Hsus' shipping interests in Hong Kong, but James Chao had begun shifting his company's focus from Taiwan to Hong Kong as well.

McConnell appears to have responded well to his new fund-raisers' concerns. Even though he had not previously been concerned with immigration and was not on the Judiciary Committee, which was responsible for immigration policy, McConnell inserted himself into the congressional debate, helping win a special provision that raised the number of annual visas for Hong Kong residents from 5,000 to more than 20,000. Hsia, co-chair of the Pacific Leadership Conference and a $1,000 contributor to McConnell in 1989, told National Journal in August 1990 that McConnell had "played a key role in setting up the group's meetings with Administration officials." The next year McConnell introduced the U.S.-Hong Kong Policy Act, which called on China to preserve Hong Kong's market economy once it returned to Beijing's control in 1997 and preserved a separate immigration quota for Hong Kong after 1997.

The overseas Chinese who began contributing to McConnell wanted to protect Hong Kong from the architects of the Tiananmen Square massacre, but they were also drawn by the lure of the Chinese market and sought to come to terms with China's inevitable acquisition of Hong Kong. McConnell adopted these views himself. Unlike Senate conservatives such as Helms, McConnell came to support granting MFN to China without conditions. "By engaging economically with the PRC, the U.S. can support and promote continued economic development in China," McConnell stated in a June 1992 speech. McConnell insisted that he was "not trying to pick a fight with China" with his U.S.-Hong Kong Policy Act-and, as if to prove the point, he inserted a provision in the bill allowing the Chinese to import strategic technology through Hong Kong. China hawks would later complain that a McConnell aide had pulled the wool over their eyes. "A guy in McConnell's office drafted it," one Republican staffer said. "The effect was to open the spigot and allow us to send things to Hong Kong that could not have been exported to China."


s the 1990s progressed and China's economy grew more than 10 percent per year, American and overseas Chinese businessmen became even more enthusiastic about the Chinese market. So did McConnell-and he did so from a position of increasing importance in the Senate. After the November 1994 election, when the GOP retook the Senate, McConnell, who had left Helms's Foreign Relations Committee in 1992, became chairman of the Foreign Operations and Export Financing Subcommittee of the Senate Appropriations Committee. While Helms's committee grew embroiled in sectarian battles with the Clinton administration over appointments and U.N. funding, McConnell's subcommittee became a center for foreign policy-making in the Senate; companies that wanted to do business with China flocked to McConnell. In the two years leading up to his 1996 reelection bid, McConnell received PAC contributions from 19 of the top 20 contributors of the U.S.-China Business Council. (The one exception was the pro-Democratic Walt Disney Company.) McConnell also received timely contributions from James Chao. In December 1994, the same month McConnell assumed control of the Foreign Operations Subcommittee, Chao-now McConnell's father-in-law-raised $34,000 for the senator. More would come over the next year-including $25,000 in checks in 1996 from the Chao family to the Kentucky Republican Party.

Since the late '80s, James Chao's business had been growing increasingly dependent on Beijing-first for the construction of his ships and then for income from the chartering of these ships. In the '90s he would charter his tankers to Chinese state companies like cosco, Sinochart, and Sinotrans. It also appears Chao was being actively courted by the Chinese government. When he met with Jiang in May 1993, also present was Vice Minister of Foreign Affairs Liu Huaqiu. As James Mann recounts in About Face, Liu was the point man on U.S.-China relations. The PRC also seems to have wooed McConnell and Elaine Chao during this period. The Chinese representative to the United Nations attended their wedding in February 1993; in December they, along with James Chao, met with Jiang in Beijing. (McConnell became only the second Republican senator to meet with Jiang since Tiananmen Square and the first in over two years.) In October 1997, when Jiang visited Washington, he held another private meeting with McConnell and Chao. And in September of that year, when C.H. Tung-Beijing's representative in Hong Kong-visited the United States, McConnell and Chao joined him at his first private dinner in Washington.


he combination of finance and flattery seemed to turn McConnell, once a China hawk, into a booster. At the ceremonies marking Beijing's accession of Hong Kong, McConnell reassured conservative columnist Cal Thomas that, in Thomas's words, "in future years, it is probable that the People's Republic of China will look more and more like Hong Kong and not the reverse." In the 1997 Senate debate over MFN, McConnell told China's critics that "Hong Kong is going to lead the way to a new China, and a new China is already developing, which is not to say that any of us are entirely happy about everything going on in the People's Republic of China, but a lot of good things are happening, particularly on the economic side."

Perhaps even more surprising than McConnell's support for MFN was his sympathy for China on the prickly issue of Taiwan. The Kentucky senator was conspicuously missing from the 21 co-sponsors of Helms's Taiwan Security Enhancement Act. In March 2000 McConnell told talk-show host Chris Matthews that the United States should remain "ambiguous" about whether it would come to Taiwan's defense: "I think we're purposefully ambiguous. I think that's the place we ought to be." He also assured Matthews that "the PRC has moderated its rhetoric."

McConnell, who had earlier told students he would "never forget the sight of those young people without arms up against tanks and machine guns," also turned a blind eye to China's brutal repression of the Falun Gong religious sect. In November 1999 McConnell and Chao hosted Chinese Ambassador Li Zhaoxing at the University of Louisville, where Li attacked the U.S. House of Representatives for condemning Beijing's treatment of the Falun Gong. "Any responsible government will not foster evil propensities of cults by being over-lenient," Li declared before McConnell and Chao. According to a reporter present, in his own remarks before and afterward, McConnell made no effort to distance himself from the ambassador's tirade. Instead, according to the reporter, he boasted of the "good working relationship" he enjoyed with Li.


III. Chinagate?

The story of Chao, McConnell, and Heritage has never made the mainstream press, but it has become a staple of conspiracy-minded right-wing websites. Some of these sites see the fund-raising influence of overseas Chinese from Taiwan and Hong Kong as a smokescreen for the real, much more sinister scandal: the buying of Mitch McConnell and the Heritage Foundation by the People's Republic of China.

There is no evidence they're right, but three sets of questions about Chinese influence remain, which I could not adequately answer because James Chao, Elaine Chao, and Mitch McConnell refused repeated written requests for interviews. (Heritage's Herb Berkowitz was, by contrast, a model of affability.) The first set concerns James Chao and his shipping company. Chao is not the first or only American businessman to be wooed by the Chinese government. What would make his case different-and at least raise eyebrows about his contributions-would be if Chinese government interests actually owned a stake in his company or his ships.

It is astoundingly difficult to find out what a shipping company does-my account relies on a collection of documents and on others' personal memory, which can be fallible. It is even harder to find out who owns a shipping company's main assets. Each of Foremost's ships is incorporated as a separate entity in Liberia, which will not release shareholder or ownership records. It is conceivable that Beijing did acquire a stake in them. During the years when Chao's ships were being built in Shanghai, other Hong Kong shipping companies were coming to terms with the PRC by ceding some degree of ownership to the Chinese. The Chinese gained a foothold in C.Y. Tung's company and bought control of the Hsu family's Continental Mariner. Could Chao and Foremost have provided an opening to them? It's possible, and, in the absence of public disclosure, speculation about Chinese influence will continue to fill right-wing websites.

The second set of questions concerns a scholarship fund and mini-think-tank McConnell set up at the University of Louisville in 1991 called the McConnell Center for Political Leadership. The center, which opened in 1993, grants ten scholarships per year (including an expenses-paid, six-week summer trip for students to China) and hosts conferences and speeches by political dignitaries. To a politician, of course, such an institution is a public relations godsend-a source of free, highly favorable publicity. Rationally, the laws governing political contributions should require it to disclose its funding sources. But, although McConnell raised almost all the $2.4 million to found the center and at least $1 million more for it over the last decade, he has insisted that the university not reveal the identities of its funders. And the university has complied, channeling the funds through a private foundation that, under Kentucky law, is not required to reveal its contributions.

This is particularly hypocritical given that McConnell has long championed the full disclosure of contributions as an alternative to campaign reforms, such as the McCain-Feingold bill, that limit fund-raising. A university spokesperson claims that the corporations McConnell has asked for money from want to keep their identities hidden. But this is unlikely; American corporations generally seek as much publicity as possible for educational grants. The more plausible explanation is that it is McConnell who doesn't want the donors' identities revealed. And that raises suspicions about who those donors might be.

The center was established at exactly the time that McConnell, as a result, perhaps, of receiving contributions from the Chao family and the Pacific Leadership Conference, discovered an interest in Hong Kong and China. From the beginning the center has focused inordinately on China-particularly given that it is based in Kentucky, whose companies have negligible business interests there. Although the center's first director, Paul Weber, suggested to McConnell that juniors in the program visit different countries during their summer abroad, McConnell insisted they visit only China. ("He made the decision, 'Let's just send them to China,'" Weber recalls.) And an unusual number of the center's speakers and conferences have concerned U.S.-China relations. For instance, the Chinese ambassador's tirade against the Falun Gong took place under the center's auspices. And most recently it hosted David Lampton, a harsh critic of Helms's Taiwan act.

Did Elaine Chao convince McConnell to focus the center on China, as Weber jokingly speculates? Was McConnell appealing to contributors interested in fostering a soft American line toward Beijing? Without knowing the identity of the center's contributors, it is impossible to dismiss the possibility that McConnell has concealed contributions to the center that sought to influence or reward his position on Hong Kong and China. That's just speculation. But it's speculation that only Mitch McConnell can put to rest. And he hasn't done so.

The third set of questions is the most troubling of all. While at the Heritage Foundation, Elaine Chao served on the board of directors of numerous corporations. Several, including the Millipore Corporation and Protective Life Corporation, have invested in the Chinese market. But none is as committed to China as a California start-up, the Multa Communications Corporation, or Multacom for short. Multacom, a broadband network service provider, offers direct Internet links between China and the United States through MultaNet China, a joint venture with government-owned China Unicom. The PRC-owned company owns 51 percent. Multacom's cable lines are being laid through another joint venture with another Chinese government company, the China Railway Telecommunications Center.

On January 15, a few days after Bush nominated Chao to be secretary of labor, Multacom issued a press release praising Chao for her service to the company. It said she "had served as a member of the board of directors for Multacom since July 1, 2000." Bob Hong, chairman of Multacom's board, said, "The staff at Multacom, both in the U.S.A. and Asia are all very excited and proud of Ms. Chao's nomination." And Hong personally confirmed to me that she was a director. There is only one problem: Multacom does not appear on the financial disclosure report that she submitted to the Office of Government Ethics on January 29, even though the form requires under law that she disclose every position she held with "any corporation, firm, partnership or other business enterprise," whether compensated or not. Did Chao list Multacom under another guise? Or did she exclude it? And if she did, was it because its fortunes were so closely linked to the Chinese government? I called Chao's office to inquire, and, at her aide's request, sent a written question. I never received a response.


IV. The Integrity of the Conservative Movement

Political movements, as opposed to mere interest groups, are supposed to pursue more than just power and privilege for themselves; they are supposed to seek some general improvement of the human condition. The conservative movement of the 1950s, like the liberal movement of the '30s or the New Left of the '60s, did this. But movements are always in danger of being hijacked by parochial interests. In the '80s, for instance, liberalism's historic commitment to social justice degenerated into an excuse for different constituencies to defend their particular government programs.

And today conservatism is in danger of becoming simply a means through which business, which has always been the movement's principal sponsor, protects its financial interests. In domestic policy, conservatives have been hurt by the widespread perception that their policies on labor, the environment, and consumer rights are for sale to various factions of corporate America. But in foreign policy the danger is far greater. During the cold war, anti-communism was the conservative movement's ethical core-and, whether they agreed with it or not, honest observers had to admit that it stemmed not from self-interest but from deep conviction. A fevered (and, in retrospect, completely justified) opposition to Communist China was a crucial part of that larger crusade. It was what distinguished conservatives not only from liberals (who saw Mao Zedong's revolution as misguided but well-intentioned) but also from moderates and realists who wanted to curry China's favor in order to defeat the Soviet Union.

But over the last few years, as Beijing has opened itself to trade and investment, the corporate interests that populate the conservative movement have moved to take over its policy toward China as well. And there's reason to believe they're succeeding. Heritage isn't the only key conservative institution whose links to the Chinese market have caused it to mute its outrage toward Beijing. Pat Robertson, an investor in a Chinese Internet company, has moved the Christian Coalition, the leading voice of evangelicals in the Republican Party, to take a conciliatory attitude toward the PRC. And numerous Republican foreign policy officials have gone to work harvesting for American business in China, while simultaneously counseling against a policy of American confrontation or even containment. The moral fire that animated the conservative movement for close to 50 years shows signs of extinguishing itself.

A week after the Chinese detained the 24 Americans on Hainan Island, I checked Heritage's website and McConnell's website to find how seriously they viewed China's dramatic affront to American principles and pride. On Heritage's site, I was directed to some desultory news briefings, and on McConnell's to a statement about Serbia. Once upon a time, things would have been different.

JOHN B. JUDIS is a senior editor at TNR.

Correction:
The conservative website WorldNetDaily.com has published several stories containing allegations about Elaine Chao, her father, and the Heritage Foundation. Earlier versions of this article--itself the product of three months of reporting--acknowledged the contribution of WorldNetDaily and other conservative websites, but, due to a late editing error, a specific reference to WorldNetDaily's contribution was deleted. We regret the omission.

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http://usembassy.state.gov/posts/ja1/wwwhj082.html

http://www.usis.usemb.se/cabbio/chao.html

http://www.heritage.org/staff/chao.html

http://www.people.com.cn/GB/guoji/22/86/20010112/377083.html

http://www.hsm.com.cn/node2/node116/node117/10hr/hrindex.htm

http://www.zaobao.com/chinese/region/usa/pages/usa_chinese020201.html


[458] Re[457]: ÄûÀµ Åê¹Æ¼Ô¡§¥­¥è¥· Åê¹ÆÆü¡§2002/07/14(Sun) 02:27:12

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